Frequently asked questions.

Can a kidney stone pass on its own?

Most stones smaller than 5 mm can pass on their own within a few weeks with plenty of fluids and medication prescribed by a doctor. The larger the stone, the lower the chance that it will pass by itself. Fever, unbearable pain or a marked drop in urine output require urgent assessment without waiting.

Does laser kidney stone surgery (RIRS) require an incision?

No. In RIRS, a thin, flexible endoscope is passed through the urinary tract up to the kidney, and the stone is broken up or turned to dust with a laser. No incision is made in the skin. Most patients go home the same day or the next day.

Which method is chosen for which stone?

In general, ESWL or RIRS is considered for kidney stones smaller than 2 cm, URS for ureteral stones, and PCNL for stones larger than 2 cm or staghorn stones. Factors such as the hardness of the stone, the anatomy of the kidney, body weight and the use of blood thinners can also change the choice. The final decision is made after examination and a CT scan.

Is a stent (double-J) placed after kidney stone surgery?

After RIRS and URS, a temporary double-J stent may be placed to keep urine flowing. The stent is usually removed after a few days to a few weeks in a short procedure. It is not needed in every patient; the need is decided during surgery.

Do kidney stones come back, and how can I prevent them?

Kidney stones tend to recur. Drinking about 2.5–3 litres of fluid a day, cutting down on salt and excess animal protein, not stopping calcium without medical advice and having a passed stone analysed all reduce the risk of recurrence. For patients who form stones frequently, a metabolic evaluation with blood tests and a 24-hour urine collection is recommended.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for kidney stone treatment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; before you travel, you can send your CT or ultrasound reports via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Is an incision made during RIRS?

No. In RIRS, the endoscope is passed through the urethra and up to the kidney, so there is no incision or stitches in the skin. The stone is broken up or turned to dust inside the kidney with laser energy.

How long does RIRS take?

The duration depends on the size, number and hardness of the stones and the structure of the kidney. The procedure is short for a single small stone and may take longer for large or multiple stones. The planned duration is explained to you separately after the examination and CT scan.

Is a stent always needed after RIRS?

Not in every patient. If there is swelling in the kidney, stone fragments or strain on the ureter during surgery, a temporary double-J stent may be placed to keep urine flowing. The stent is usually removed after a few days to a few weeks in a short procedure that requires no incision.

When can I return to work after RIRS?

Most people with desk jobs can return to work within a few days. In patients with a stent, frequent urination, mild blood in the urine and flank pain may continue until the stent is removed. For people doing heavy physical work, the time to return is decided at the follow-up visit.

Is RIRS, ESWL or PCNL more suitable for me?

For kidney stones smaller than 2 cm, ESWL and RIRS are considered together; RIRS may be preferred for hard stones, stones in the lower pole of the kidney and patients taking blood thinners. For stones larger than 2 cm and staghorn stones, PCNL is generally the first option. The decision is made individually, based on the characteristics of the stone and the patient's general health.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for RIRS?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; before you travel, you can send your CT reports via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82. The right time to fly home after the procedure is discussed with you individually.

How big is the incision in PCNL?

In standard PCNL, an incision of about 1 cm is made in the flank and the kidney is reached through this small channel. In mini-PCNL, the channel is even narrower. No large incision is made, as in open surgery.

For which kidney stones is PCNL preferred?

PCNL is generally preferred for kidney stones larger than 2 cm, staghorn stones that fill the inside of the kidney and stones that could not be cleared with ESWL or RIRS. It is also a suitable option for some large stones in the lower part of the kidney. The decision is made individually after a CT scan and examination.

How many days do I stay in hospital after PCNL?

The hospital stay is generally 1–3 days. In patients with a nephrostomy tube, the tube is usually removed before discharge. The length of stay may vary depending on the size of the stone, the course of surgery and the patient's general health.

What is a nephrostomy tube, and does every patient need one?

A nephrostomy tube is a thin tube that drains urine from the kidney out through the flank after surgery. Not every patient needs one; in suitable patients, the operation can be completed without a tube (tubeless) or with only a double-J stent. The decision is made according to the course of the operation.

When can I get back to normal life after PCNL?

Most patients can manage their daily activities within a few days of discharge. People usually return to desk work within 1–2 weeks. The time to return to heavy lifting and strenuous exercise is decided at the follow-up visit.

I take blood thinners. Can I have PCNL?

Because of the risk of bleeding in PCNL, blood thinners need to be stopped temporarily before surgery, in a plan agreed with the doctor who prescribed them. For patients who cannot safely stop them, other options such as RIRS are considered. Do not stop your medications on your own.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for PCNL?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; before you travel, you can send your CT reports via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82. How long you need to stay in Bursa and when you can fly home are discussed with you in advance.

Can an enlarged prostate turn into cancer?

No. Benign prostate enlargement does not turn into cancer. However, because prostate cancer can occur at similar ages and the symptoms may be similar, it is important to tell them apart with an examination, PSA and any necessary imaging.

Can an enlarged prostate be treated with medication?

Yes, the symptoms can be controlled with medication in many patients. Alpha-blockers usually ease urine flow within a few days to a few weeks. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors shrink the gland in large prostates, but their effect develops over months.

When is prostate surgery needed?

Surgery is recommended for patients whose symptoms persist despite medication, or who develop recurrent urinary retention, recurrent urinary tract infections, bladder stones, recurrent bleeding from the prostate or a decline in kidney function. The decision is made individually after examination and tests.

Does prostate surgery affect sex life?

After TURP, bipolar methods and HoLEP, most patients experience semen flowing back into the bladder instead of out of the body (retrograde ejaculation). This is not harmful to health, but it can affect the ability to father children. The effect on erections is generally limited; these topics should be discussed in detail before surgery.

Do prostate medications affect the PSA level?

Yes. 5-alpha reductase inhibitors such as finasteride and dutasteride lower the PSA level by about half when taken regularly. In patients taking these medications, PSA results must be interpreted accordingly. Always tell your doctor which medications you take.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for enlarged prostate treatment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; before you travel, you can send your PSA results and ultrasound reports via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Does a raised PSA mean I have cancer?

No. PSA is a protein specific to the prostate but not specific to cancer; it can also rise with an enlarged prostate, prostate inflammation, a urinary tract infection or after a catheter is placed. A raised PSA result is assessed together with a repeat test, an examination and, if needed, an MRI.

At what age should prostate cancer screening start?

According to the European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines, a PSA test can be offered to well-informed men from the age of 50. For men with a family history of prostate cancer, starting at around 45 is recommended, and for carriers of a BRCA2 gene mutation, at around 40. The interval between tests depends on the PSA level and personal risk.

Is an MRI needed before a prostate biopsy?

Current guidelines recommend a multiparametric prostate MRI before deciding on a biopsy. MRI helps target suspicious areas for sampling and, in some patients, can help avoid an unnecessary biopsy. The decision is made by assessing the PSA, examination and MRI findings together.

Does every prostate cancer need to be treated immediately?

No. For low-risk, slow-growing prostate cancers, active surveillance with regular PSA tests, MRI and, when needed, repeat biopsies is an appropriate option. This approach aims to avoid the side effects of unnecessary treatment; if the disease progresses, treatment is started.

Will I have incontinence or erectile problems after prostate cancer surgery?

Temporary urinary incontinence is common after radical prostatectomy and improves significantly within months in most patients. Erectile problems can also occur; in suitable patients, a nerve-sparing technique aims to reduce this risk. These topics and the treatment options are discussed in detail before surgery.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for a prostate cancer assessment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; before you travel, you can send your PSA results, MRI and biopsy reports via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82. Follow-up after you return home can be coordinated with your local doctor.

Is painless blood in the urine always bladder cancer?

No. Blood in the urine can also be caused by stones, infection, an enlarged prostate or kidney disease. However, especially in smokers and people over 40, painless bleeding can be the first sign of bladder cancer, so a urological assessment should be carried out even if the bleeding stops by itself.

What is a cystoscopy, and is it painful?

A cystoscopy is a direct look inside the bladder with a thin camera passed through the urethra. A diagnostic cystoscopy is usually done quickly with a flexible instrument and a local anaesthetic gel. You may feel some mild discomfort during the procedure.

Does TURBT require an incision?

No. In TURBT, the tumour is shaved off the bladder wall with an endoscope passed through the urethra; no incision is made in the skin. The removed tissue is sent for pathological examination, which determines the depth and grade of the tumour. The hospital stay is usually short.

How is intravesical BCG treatment given?

BCG is a treatment given into the bladder through a thin catheter that activates the immune system in the bladder wall. Usually an initial course of six weekly instillations is given, followed by maintenance doses planned according to the risk group. Temporary burning when passing urine and frequent urination are common side effects.

Does bladder cancer come back?

Non-muscle-invasive bladder tumours can tend to recur after treatment. For this reason, check cystoscopies are carried out at intervals set according to the risk group. Regular follow-up makes it possible to catch any recurrence early, while it is still small.

How do I pass urine if the bladder is removed?

After radical cystectomy, a new route for urine is created. The main options are a channel made from a piece of bowel that carries urine to a bag on the skin of the abdomen, or, in suitable patients, a new bladder made from bowel. Which method is suitable is decided together, based on the patient's general health and the extent of the tumour.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for a bladder cancer assessment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; before you travel, you can send your urine test, imaging and any cystoscopy or pathology reports via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82. Regular follow-up after you return home can be coordinated with your local doctor.

A mass has been found in my kidney. Does that mean it is definitely cancer?

No. Some solid kidney masses are benign tumours such as oncocytoma or angiomyolipoma, and simple cysts are generally harmless. The nature of the mass is assessed with contrast-enhanced CT or MRI, and a biopsy may be taken in selected patients. The final diagnosis is usually made by pathological examination of the removed tissue.

What are the symptoms of kidney cancer?

Kidney cancer usually causes no symptoms in its early stages and is often found by chance on imaging done for another reason. Later on, blood in the urine, flank pain, a mass that can be felt in the abdomen, unexplained weight loss or fatigue may occur.

Is the whole kidney removed during surgery?

Not always. For small tumours, in technically suitable patients, only the tumour is removed with a margin of healthy tissue and the rest of the kidney is preserved (partial nephrectomy). If the tumour is large, located in the centre of the kidney or has grown into the blood vessels, the whole kidney may need to be removed (radical nephrectomy).

Can you live with one kidney?

People whose other kidney is healthy can lead a normal life with one kidney. However, because preserving kidney function is important, kidney-sparing surgery is preferred in suitable patients. Regular checks of blood pressure and kidney function are recommended after surgery.

Does a small kidney tumour need surgery straight away?

Surgery is recommended for most patients. However, in older patients or those with a high surgical risk, small masses can be monitored with regular imaging, or treated with ablation using freezing or heat energy. The decision is made by considering the characteristics of the mass together with the patient's general health.

What are the advantages of laparoscopic kidney surgery?

In laparoscopic surgery, the surgeon works through a few small openings guided by a camera. Compared with open surgery, there is generally less pain after the operation and a shorter hospital stay and recovery. The right approach depends on the size and location of the tumour and the patient's anatomy.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for a kidney tumour assessment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; before you travel, you can send your CT or MRI reports via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82. Follow-up imaging after you return home can be coordinated with your local doctor.

Can erectile dysfunction be a warning sign of heart disease?

Yes. Because the blood vessels of the penis are narrower than those of the heart, they can be affected by hardening of the arteries earlier. For this reason, erectile dysfunction can appear several years before cardiovascular disease. Especially in men with risk factors, checking blood pressure, blood sugar and cholesterol and, if needed, seeking a cardiology opinion is recommended.

Is it safe to use erection medication without a prescription?

No. These medications are not suitable for every patient; in particular, in people taking nitrate medication for heart disease, they can cause a dangerous drop in blood pressure. The contents of products bought online or from unofficial sources are also unreliable. Medication should only be started under medical supervision after an examination and the necessary tests.

Can erectile dysfunction be psychological?

Yes. Especially in younger men, performance anxiety, stress, depression and relationship problems can cause erectile dysfunction. Spontaneous erections in the morning or at night may suggest a psychological cause. However, physical and psychological causes are often present together, so both aspects are assessed.

Is shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT) suitable for everyone?

No. Low-intensity shock wave therapy can be considered as an option in selected patients with vascular and mostly mild erectile dysfunction. The protocols used in studies vary, and data on long-term results are limited. Suitability is decided after an examination.

When is a penile prosthesis considered?

A penile prosthesis is an option for patients who do not respond adequately to methods such as oral medication and injection therapy, or who do not wish to use them. The prosthesis is placed inside the penis and is not visible from the outside. The types of prosthesis, expectations and possible risks are discussed in detail before surgery.

Do PRP or stem cell treatments work for erectile dysfunction?

The effectiveness and safety of these methods for erectile dysfunction have not yet been demonstrated with sufficient scientific evidence. Current guidelines do not recommend these treatments for routine use and advise that they be considered only within clinical trials.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for erectile dysfunction treatment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held confidentially in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

How quickly does ejaculation have to happen to count as premature?

According to the International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) definition, in lifelong premature ejaculation, ejaculation usually occurs within about 1 minute of penetration, and in the acquired type, usually within about 3 minutes or less. However, time alone is not enough for a diagnosis; an inability to control ejaculation and the distress it causes are also required.

Can premature ejaculation be treated?

Yes. With behavioural techniques, local anaesthetic products and oral medication under medical supervision, the time to ejaculation and the sense of control can be improved in most patients. In acquired premature ejaculation, the problem may resolve when the underlying cause, such as erectile dysfunction, prostate inflammation or thyroid disease, is treated.

How are premature ejaculation creams and sprays used?

Local anaesthetic creams or sprays are applied to the head of the penis shortly before intercourse to reduce sensitivity. To prevent numbness in the partner, using a condom or wiping the area before intercourse is recommended. The correct amount and application time should be explained by a doctor.

Can premature ejaculation medication be used without a prescription?

No. Oral medications used for premature ejaculation can have side effects and interactions with other medications; some must not be combined with antidepressants or certain heart medications. These medications should only be used under medical supervision after an examination.

Does circumcision cause premature ejaculation?

The effect of circumcision on premature ejaculation is scientifically debated, and no clear cause-and-effect relationship has been shown. This question was investigated in a study in which Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar took part. When assessing premature ejaculation, the doctor looks at the person's whole history rather than a single factor.

Should my partner come to the consultation too?

It is not required, but it is recommended. Premature ejaculation affects the couple's shared sex life, and behavioural techniques are more successful with the partner's support. Being informed as a couple helps reduce anxiety and improves adherence to treatment.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for premature ejaculation treatment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held confidentially in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Does a varicocele cause infertility?

Varicocele is one of the treatable causes of male infertility; however, not every man with a varicocele is infertile, and many men with a varicocele father children without any problem. Varicocele has been associated with reduced sperm count and motility and with increased sperm DNA damage. The decision to treat is made by assessing the semen parameters together with the couple's situation.

Does every varicocele need surgery?

No. In adults who have no symptoms, normal semen parameters and no difficulty conceiving, a varicocele is usually just monitored. Treatment is also generally not recommended for varicoceles that are only visible on ultrasound and cannot be felt on examination (subclinical varicoceles).

How is microsurgical varicocele surgery performed?

Through a small incision just below the groin, the enlarged veins are tied off under an operating microscope, while the testicular artery and lymphatic vessels are preserved. This approach has been associated with a lower risk of recurrence and of fluid build-up (hydrocele). Patients usually go home the same day or the next day.

When do semen parameters improve after varicocele surgery?

Because the sperm production cycle takes about three months, the effect of surgery on semen parameters is usually assessed with a follow-up semen analysis 3–6 months later. The degree of improvement varies from person to person, and a definite result cannot be predicted in advance.

Should a varicocele be treated in adolescents?

Most varicoceles in adolescents are monitored. Treatment may be recommended if the testicle on the side of the varicocele remains markedly and persistently smaller than the other, if there is pain, or if abnormal semen parameters are found in young men of an appropriate age. Testicular volumes are followed with regular check-ups.

When can I return to sport after varicocele surgery?

Most people can return to desk work within a few days. It is generally recommended to wait 1–2 weeks before strenuous exercise, weightlifting and sexual intercourse; the exact time is decided at the follow-up visit after surgery.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for varicocele treatment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; before you travel, you can send your semen analysis and ultrasound reports via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82. Follow-up semen analyses can be done where you live and the results shared.

When should male infertility be investigated?

If a couple has not conceived within 12 months of regular, unprotected intercourse, both partners should be assessed together. It is sensible to seek advice earlier if the female partner is over 35, or if the man has risk factors such as a history of undescended testis, testicular surgery or chemotherapy. The male assessment can be carried out at the same time as the female partner's tests.

What should I do if my semen analysis is abnormal?

A single semen analysis is not enough for a firm conclusion; if the result is abnormal, the test is usually repeated a few weeks later. The cause is then investigated with an examination, hormone tests and, where needed, ultrasound. Because sperm production takes about three months, the effect of any changes can only be seen after this period.

Does varicocele surgery cure infertility?

In men with a palpable (clinical) varicocele, abnormal semen parameters and no other cause of infertility, varicocele surgery can improve semen parameters and increase the chance of natural conception. Surgery is generally not recommended when semen parameters are normal or when only a small varicocele is seen on ultrasound. The decision is made by assessing the couple's situation as a whole.

Is it possible to have children if there are no sperm in the semen (azoospermia)?

In azoospermia, the first step is to find out whether the cause is a blockage or a problem with sperm production. In suitable patients, sperm can be retrieved from the testis or epididymis using methods such as TESE or micro-TESE and used in IVF treatment with ICSI. The likelihood of finding sperm varies from person to person, so a detailed assessment is carried out beforehand.

Do testosterone tablets or injections help with infertility?

No. Testosterone taken from outside the body and anabolic steroids suppress the brain's signals that stimulate the testes, which reduces sperm production and can even stop it completely. Men who wish to have children should not use these products without consulting a doctor.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for a male infertility assessment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Is urinary incontinence a normal part of ageing?

No. Although urinary incontinence becomes more common with age, it is not an inevitable part of getting older. Most patients have a treatment option aimed at the cause, and symptoms can be relieved considerably. Rather than waiting out of embarrassment, it is advisable to see a urologist.

How is leakage when coughing or sneezing treated?

This is stress urinary incontinence. The first step is regular, correctly performed pelvic floor exercises, losing excess weight and treating constipation. In women who do not improve sufficiently, an operation in which a sling tape is placed beneath the urethra (TOT or TVT) may be a suitable option.

What is overactive bladder and how is it treated?

Overactive bladder is a condition with a sudden urge to urinate that cannot be postponed, frequent urination and getting up at night to pass urine; some patients also have leakage. Treatment starts with bladder training and adjusting fluid and caffeine intake; if needed, medication that relaxes the bladder is added. In suitable patients who do not benefit from medication, botulinum toxin can be injected into the bladder wall.

Does incontinence after prostate surgery go away?

In most patients, incontinence after prostate surgery decreases over months with pelvic floor exercises. For persistent incontinence that affects daily life, surgical options such as a male sling or an artificial urinary sphincter may be considered, usually at least 6–12 months after the operation.

Is urodynamic testing essential to diagnose incontinence?

Not for every patient. In most patients, a diagnosis can be made with a detailed history, examination, bladder diary and urine test. Urodynamics is carried out in selected patients – when the diagnosis is unclear, after previous surgery or when surgical treatment is planned – to assess how the bladder works in detail.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for urinary incontinence treatment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Does a urinary tract infection go away on its own?

Mild cystitis can sometimes settle on its own, but if symptoms do not improve within a few days or signs such as fever or flank pain appear, you should see a doctor. An untreated infection can spread to the kidney. Pregnant women, men and children should be assessed without delay.

Can I use antibiotics I have at home?

This is not recommended. An antibiotic you used before may not be effective against the bacteria this time, and taking incomplete doses or short courses leads to resistance. In addition, a urine culture taken after antibiotics have been started can be misleading. Antibiotics should be chosen after a medical assessment and, where appropriate, according to the culture result.

I keep getting urinary tract infections. What should I do?

Having 2 or more infections within 6 months, or 3 or more within a year, is considered recurrent urinary tract infection. In this case, the diagnosis should be confirmed with a culture, causes such as stones or urine remaining in the bladder should be investigated with ultrasound, and an individual prevention plan should be made. Preventive treatment options are decided after examination.

Why are urinary tract infections in men important?

Because the male urethra is longer, infections are less common in men; when they do occur, they usually point to an underlying cause such as prostate enlargement, urine remaining in the bladder, a stone or inflammation of the prostate (prostatitis). For this reason, men should be treated on the basis of a urine culture and the underlying cause should be investigated.

Bacteria were found in my urine test but I have no symptoms. Do I need treatment?

Bacteria in the urine without symptoms is called asymptomatic bacteriuria and does not need treatment in most people. Unnecessary antibiotic use increases resistance. Treatment is, however, recommended in pregnancy and before certain invasive procedures on the urinary tract.

Can I see a urologist in Bursa, Turkey, for recurrent urinary tract infections?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

At what age should undescended testis surgery be performed?

A testis that is not in the scrotum at birth may descend on its own in the first months; after 6 months of age, the chance of spontaneous descent is low. Surgery (orchidopexy) is therefore ideally recommended between 6 and 18 months of age. In children in whom the condition is noticed at an older age, surgery is planned without delay.

My child woke up with sudden testicular pain. What should I do?

Sudden, severe testicular pain is an emergency because of the possibility of testicular torsion (twisting of the testis). Go to the nearest emergency department straight away, without giving the child anything to eat or drink. The first hours are crucial for saving the testis; waiting for the pain to pass is not the right approach.

Can a child with hypospadias be circumcised?

Circumcision should not be performed before hypospadias repair, because the foreskin may be used as tissue during the repair. Circumcision is usually planned in the same session as the hypospadias operation or after the repair, as the doctor considers appropriate. This is why an examination by a doctor before circumcision is important.

When should a child who wets the bed be seen by a doctor?

Assessment is recommended if bedwetting continues after the age of 5. It is advisable to seek advice earlier if there is also daytime wetting, frequent or urgent urination, constipation or a urinary tract infection. Bedwetting is not under the child's control; punishing or scolding the child is not recommended.

My baby's foreskin does not retract. Is this phimosis?

In infancy and early childhood, a foreskin that cannot be pulled back is usually normal and loosens by itself over time. The foreskin should not be forcibly retracted. Treatment is needed in cases such as recurrent inflammation, difficulty passing urine, or hardening and scarring of the skin; the first step is usually a steroid cream.

Can families from abroad bring their child to Bursa, Turkey, for a pediatric urology consultation?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82. Sudden testicular pain, however, is an emergency and should be treated at the nearest emergency department wherever you are.

Is a penile prosthesis visible from the outside?

All parts of the prosthesis are placed inside the body; no part is visible from the outside. With inflatable implants, the pump is placed in the scrotum and is usually not noticeable in everyday life. With malleable implants, the penis is always semi-rigid, so it may be noticeable in tight clothing; for this reason, the choice of type is discussed in detail during the consultation.

Can I have an orgasm and ejaculate with a penile prosthesis?

The prosthesis only provides rigidity; the nerve structures responsible for sensation in the penis, orgasm and ejaculation are preserved. In most patients who had these functions before surgery, they continue afterwards. In men who had ejaculation problems before surgery, the prosthesis does not correct them.

When can I have sex after penile prosthesis surgery?

A period of 4–6 weeks is usually allowed for the tissues to heal. With inflatable implants, the patient is taught how to use the pump at a check-up, and intercourse begins after this appointment. The exact timing is decided by the doctor according to how healing progresses.

Does the penis become shorter after penile prosthesis surgery?

The prosthesis does not lengthen the penis; in patients with long-standing erectile dysfunction, the penis may already have shortened somewhat. Some patients may perceive the penis as slightly shorter after surgery compared with their former natural erections. This should be discussed openly before surgery and expectations kept realistic.

What is the most important risk of a penile prosthesis?

The most important risk is infection; if an infection develops, the prosthesis may need to be removed. This is why controlling blood sugar before surgery, giving antibiotics and strict hygiene rules in the operating theatre are important. With inflatable implants, mechanical failure can develop over the years and a part may need to be replaced.

How long does a penile prosthesis last?

Penile prostheses are designed to be used for many years, and many patients use their implant without problems for more than ten years. However, the mechanical parts, especially of inflatable implants, can wear over time. In the event of failure, the prosthesis or the relevant part can be replaced in a further operation.

Are partners satisfied after penile prosthesis surgery?

In the medical literature, penile prosthesis is regarded as one of the treatments with high sexual satisfaction for both patients and their partners. The most decisive factors for satisfaction are realistic expectations before surgery and, where possible, making the decision together with the partner. For this reason, attending the consultation together with your partner may be recommended.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for penile prosthesis surgery?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Suitability for surgery is decided only after an in-person examination, and the 1–2 week check-up should be planned into your stay. Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Does Peyronie's disease go away on its own?

In some patients the curvature stays the same, in some it increases, and in a small number it may decrease on its own. The pain of the active phase, however, settles over time in most patients. For this reason, the treatment decision is made by considering the phase of the disease and how much the curvature affects sex life.

Is Peyronie's disease cancer?

No. Peyronie's disease is a benign hardening of tissue and does not turn into cancer. The fact that the hardness in the penis is due to a plaque is confirmed by physical examination and, where needed, ultrasound.

Is a curved penis always Peyronie's disease?

No. In some men the penis is curved from birth (congenital penile curvature); in this case there is no plaque and no pain, and the curvature has usually been the same since puberty. Peyronie's disease, on the other hand, usually develops after the age of 40 in a penis that was previously straight. Although the surgical approach to the two conditions is similar, they are distinguished by examination.

When is surgery performed for Peyronie's disease?

Surgery is usually planned in the stable phase – when the curvature has not changed for at least 3 months and the pain has gone – if the curvature makes intercourse difficult or impossible. After surgery performed in the active phase, the curvature may develop again. The choice of technique depends on the degree of curvature, the length of the penis and the quality of erections.

Does a penile traction device work?

When used regularly over a long period, traction devices may help to reduce curvature and preserve penile length in some patients. Their effectiveness depends largely on daily wearing time and the patient's adherence. A device may also be recommended after surgery.

Does the penis become shorter after Peyronie's surgery?

With plication methods, the side opposite the curvature is shortened, so there may be some loss of penile length. Grafting methods preserve length better, but the likelihood of developing erectile dysfunction after surgery is higher. These differences are discussed with the patient in detail before surgery.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for Peyronie's disease treatment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

What is the first sign of testicular cancer?

The most common sign is a painless lump, swelling or enlargement of the testis. Some patients describe a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum or a mild ache in the groin. Any new lump in the testis, even if painless, should be checked by a urologist.

Can testicular cancer be treated?

Yes. Testicular cancer is considered one of the cancers that respond very well to treatment. When detected at an early stage, treatment outcomes are generally very good; even at advanced stages, good results can be achieved with chemotherapy in a large proportion of patients. This is why seeking advice early is important.

Why is the whole testis removed, and why is the operation done through the groin rather than the scrotum?

To confirm the diagnosis and determine the stage, the whole testis is removed together with its cord through an incision in the groin. An incision through the scrotal skin or a needle biopsy is not recommended, as it may increase the risk of the tumour spreading through different lymphatic pathways. In selected situations, such as very small tumours or patients with only one testis, testis-sparing surgery may be considered.

Can I have children and a normal sex life with one testis?

If the other testis is healthy, male hormone production and sperm production usually continue; sexual desire and erections are generally not affected. However, because chemotherapy and radiotherapy can temporarily or permanently reduce sperm production, sperm freezing is recommended before treatment. Hormone levels are also checked during follow-up.

Can a testicular prosthesis be inserted?

Yes. If the patient wishes, a silicone testicular prosthesis can be placed where the removed testis was. The prosthesis can usually be inserted during the same operation as the orchiectomy, or later in a separate operation if preferred.

How do I examine my testes myself?

After a warm shower, when the scrotal skin is relaxed, check each testis separately by gently rolling it between your thumb and fingers. The soft, coiled structure at the back of the testis (the epididymis) is normal. If you notice a lump, a hard area or a change in size in the testis itself, see a urologist.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, to have a testicular lump assessed?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Because a testicular lump should be assessed promptly, do not postpone an examination where you live while planning travel. Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Should every incidentally found adrenal mass be removed?

No. The vast majority of incidentally found adrenal masses are benign adenomas that do not produce hormones and do not require surgery. The decision to operate is based on the results of hormone tests, the size of the mass and its appearance on CT. In patients who do not need surgery, check-ups at set intervals are sometimes recommended.

Which hormone tests are done for an adrenal mass?

In every patient, a dexamethasone suppression test is performed to look for excess cortisol; to look for phaeochromocytoma, metanephrine levels are measured in the blood or urine (this may not be needed in some patients whose CT shows a typical benign adenoma). In patients with high blood pressure or low potassium, aldosterone and renin levels are also measured. These tests are assessed together with endocrinology.

What size of adrenal mass needs surgery?

In general, surgery is recommended for masses larger than 4 cm whose imaging features are not entirely consistent with a benign adenoma. However, size is not the only criterion; hormone-producing masses require surgery even if they are small, and some large masses with a typical benign appearance can be monitored. The decision is made individually after examination and tests.

How is laparoscopic adrenalectomy performed?

The operation is performed under general anaesthesia with a camera and fine instruments inserted through several small openings in the abdomen or flank. The adrenal gland is removed together with the tumour and taken out through a small incision. Compared with open surgery, there is generally less pain and a shorter hospital stay and recovery time.

Why is medication needed before phaeochromocytoma surgery?

A phaeochromocytoma produces adrenaline-like hormones and can cause a sudden, dangerous rise in blood pressure during surgery. To prevent this, medication that relaxes the blood vessels (alpha-blockers) is usually started for 1–2 weeks before surgery and plenty of fluids are recommended. This preparation is planned together with endocrinology and anaesthesia.

Will I need lifelong medication after an adrenal gland is removed?

If the adrenal gland on the other side is healthy, hormonal balance is usually maintained with one gland and lifelong medication is not needed. However, after surgery for a cortisol-producing (Cushing's) tumour, the other gland may remain suppressed for a while, so temporary cortisone replacement may be needed. This is monitored together with endocrinology.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, to have an adrenal mass assessed?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82 and share your existing CT or MRI scans and hormone test results in advance.

Is a hydrocele dangerous?

A hydrocele is usually a benign condition and does not harm the testis. However, a new hydrocele in an adult may accompany inflammation, injury or, rarely, a tumour of the testis. For this reason, every newly noticed swelling in the scrotum should be assessed with ultrasound.

Does a hydrocele in a baby go away on its own?

Most hydroceles in babies disappear by themselves within the first 1–2 years of life, as the channel the testis used to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum gradually closes. Observation alone is usually sufficient during this period. A swelling that gets bigger and smaller during the day or extends towards the groin suggests a hernia and may require earlier surgery.

What is the difference between a hydrocele and an inguinal hernia?

In a hydrocele, only fluid collects in the scrotum; in an inguinal hernia, bowel or fatty tissue from inside the abdomen comes down through the inguinal canal. A hernia usually becomes more obvious when coughing, straining or standing and can be pushed back by hand. The two are distinguished by examination and ultrasound; in children they can occur together because both arise from the same channel.

Can a hydrocele be drained with a needle?

Draining the fluid with a needle may give temporary relief, but the fluid usually collects again and there is a risk of infection. This method may be considered in selected adult patients who cannot have surgery because of their general health. A permanent solution is generally achieved with surgery.

When can I return to work after hydrocele surgery?

Most adults can return to work within a few days to 1–2 weeks, depending on the type of work. Heavy lifting, cycling and strenuous sport should be avoided for a few weeks. Swelling and bruising in the scrotum decrease over a few weeks.

Does a hydrocele cause infertility?

A hydrocele on its own usually does not affect sperm production and is not a cause of infertility. However, very large hydroceles can affect the temperature and circulation of the testis. In men with a hydrocele who also have fertility problems, other causes such as a varicocele should be investigated.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for hydrocele surgery?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Can I have unprotected sex straight after a vasectomy?

No. After a vasectomy, live sperm can remain in the upper part of the ducts for some time. Another method of contraception must be used until a semen analysis performed about 3 months and at least 20 ejaculations later confirms that no sperm are present.

Does a vasectomy affect erections or sexual desire?

No. A vasectomy only blocks the ducts that carry sperm; production of the male hormone testosterone, sexual desire, erections and orgasm are not affected. Because most of the semen comes from the prostate and seminal vesicles, no noticeable change in the volume of ejaculate is observed.

Is a vasectomy painful?

The procedure is performed under local anaesthetic; you may feel a brief sting during the anaesthetic injection. Mild pain and swelling may occur for a few days afterwards and are controlled with simple painkillers. For anxious patients, sedation or general anaesthesia can also be discussed.

Can a vasectomy be reversed?

Rejoining the ducts with microsurgery (vasovasostomy) is possible; however, success cannot be guaranteed, and the chance of success decreases the longer it has been since the vasectomy. Another option is to retrieve sperm from the testis for IVF treatment. A vasectomy should therefore be regarded as a permanent method and not chosen if you might want children in the future.

What are the risks of a vasectomy?

Possible risks include a blood collection in the scrotum (haematoma), infection and a small, tender swelling called a sperm granuloma. A small number of patients may develop long-lasting scrotal pain. Very rarely, the ducts can rejoin by themselves; this is why the semen analysis after the procedure is important.

Does a vasectomy protect against sexually transmitted infections?

No. A vasectomy is only intended to prevent pregnancy. Condoms are needed to protect against sexually transmitted infections.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for a vasectomy?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). The follow-up semen analysis after about 3 months can be planned with a laboratory near your home. Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Does a urethral stricture go away on its own?

No. Because a urethral stricture is made of scar tissue, it does not improve on its own and may progress over time. Untreated strictures can lead to urinary tract infections, bladder stones, urinary retention and, in the long term, impaired kidney function.

Is internal urethrotomy a permanent solution?

Internal urethrotomy is a method that requires no skin incision and is used particularly for short strictures occurring for the first time. However, there is a chance that the stricture will form again, and this chance increases as the procedure is repeated. For this reason, in recurrent strictures, urethroplasty is considered rather than repeating the same procedure again and again.

What is urethroplasty and who is it for?

Urethroplasty is the open surgical reconstruction of the narrowed section of the urethra. In short strictures, the narrowed section is removed and the healthy ends are joined; in long strictures, the urethra is widened using buccal mucosa tissue taken from the inside of the cheek. It is preferred for long or recurrent strictures and those that have not responded to endoscopic treatment.

Are there problems in the mouth after buccal mucosa is taken?

The tissue is taken from the inner surface of the cheek, and the area usually heals within a few weeks. In the first days there may be pain and swelling in the mouth and discomfort when eating; rarely, a feeling of numbness or tightness may remain in the area. Advice on oral care and diet is given at discharge.

How long does the catheter stay in after surgery?

This depends on the method used. After internal urethrotomy, the catheter usually stays in for a few days. After urethroplasty, the catheter is usually kept in place for a few weeks to allow the repair to heal, and an X-ray check may be performed before removal if needed.

Can a urethral stricture come back?

After any method there is a chance that the stricture will recur; this chance varies according to the length, location and cause of the stricture and previous procedures. For this reason, the urine flow is monitored regularly after treatment. It is important to seek advice early if you notice the flow weakening again.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for urethral stricture treatment?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Because a catheter may remain in place for some time after urethroplasty, the length of your stay is planned individually after examination. Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Does everyone with a swollen kidney (hydronephrosis) need surgery?

No. In particular, a large proportion of dilatations detected before birth decrease over time or remain stable without harming the kidney. These patients are monitored with regular ultrasound and, where needed, a renogram. Surgery is considered when there are symptoms, reduced kidney function, infection, stones or increasing dilatation.

What is a diuretic renogram and why is it done?

It is a nuclear medicine test performed with a small amount of a radioactively labelled substance given into a vein. It shows how much each kidney contributes to total function and whether drainage through the ureter is adequate. The decision to operate and follow-up depend largely on this test.

How is pyeloplasty performed?

The narrowed section is removed, the enlarged renal pelvis is reduced in size if necessary, and the ureter is stitched back onto the renal pelvis with a wide opening. This method is called dismembered (Anderson-Hynes) pyeloplasty. In suitable patients, the operation is performed laparoscopically through small openings in the abdominal wall.

Why is a stent placed after surgery?

A double-J stent is a thin tube that allows urine to flow freely from the kidney to the bladder while the newly stitched area heals. The stent is usually removed after a few weeks with a short cystoscopy procedure. While the stent is in place, frequent urination, burning or slight blood in the urine may occur.

Does the kidney dilatation disappear completely after surgery?

Not always. Even if drainage improves after surgery, the dilatation of the renal pelvis may persist partly for some time or even permanently. For this reason, success is assessed not only by ultrasound but together with symptoms and drainage on the follow-up renogram.

Why is UPJ obstruction often noticed late in adults?

The narrowing may cause no symptoms for a long time or may only show itself through flank pain after drinking a lot of fluid. In some patients it is found by chance on an ultrasound performed for another reason. A blood vessel crossing the kidney (a lower pole vessel) is also one of the common causes in adults.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for pyeloplasty?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Please note that the double-J stent placed during surgery is usually removed a few weeks later, which should be considered when planning your travel. Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

What is the difference between laparoscopic and open surgery?

In open surgery, the organ is reached through a single, larger incision, whereas in laparoscopy the surgeon works with a camera and fine instruments through several small openings. The content of the operation – the procedure carried out on the organ – is usually the same. Laparoscopy is generally associated with less pain, a shorter hospital stay and a faster return to daily life.

Can laparoscopic surgery be performed on every patient?

No. In situations such as serious heart or lung disease, an uncontrolled bleeding disorder, extensive adhesions inside the abdomen or advanced disease, open surgery may be more appropriate. The method is decided individually after examination and imaging.

Can a laparoscopic operation be converted to open surgery?

Yes. In the event of bleeding, unexpected adhesions or situations in which it is not possible to proceed safely, the operation can be converted to open surgery for the patient's safety. This is not a failure but a safety measure, and it is discussed with the patient before the operation.

Why does shoulder pain occur after laparoscopic surgery?

During the operation, carbon dioxide gas is introduced into the abdomen to create a working space. Residual gas can irritate the diaphragm and cause pain that is felt in the shoulders. This pain usually settles by itself within a few days; walking early helps to relieve it.

Who is suitable for single-incision (navel) laparoscopy?

In this method, the instruments are used through a single entry point placed in the navel, and the scar remains largely hidden inside the navel. It may be preferred for selected, simpler operations and in patients with a suitable body build. Because it is technically more demanding, it is not suitable for every operation or every patient.

When can I return to work after laparoscopic surgery?

This depends on the type of operation and the work you do. A return to desk work is often possible within a few weeks, while a longer wait is recommended before heavy lifting and strenuous exercise. Your personal timetable is confirmed at discharge and at check-ups.

Can I travel to Bursa, Turkey, for laparoscopic urologic surgery?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Whether laparoscopy is suitable and how long you should stay in Bursa after surgery are decided individually after examination. Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Does cystoscopy hurt?

Flexible cystoscopy is usually performed with an anaesthetic gel introduced into the urethra. During the procedure you may feel pressure, burning or the urge to pass urine; this sensation is usually brief and well tolerated by most patients. Procedures requiring a biopsy or treatment are performed under anaesthesia.

Do I need to fast before cystoscopy?

Fasting is usually not necessary for diagnostic flexible cystoscopy performed under local anaesthetic. For rigid cystoscopy under anaesthesia, you will be asked to fast for a certain period beforehand. If you take blood thinners, always tell your doctor before the procedure.

How long does cystoscopy take, and can I go home the same day?

Diagnostic flexible cystoscopy usually takes 5–15 minutes, and the patient can go home shortly afterwards. After procedures under anaesthesia, the patient is observed until the effect of the anaesthetic has worn off. Patients who have had sedation or general anaesthesia are advised not to drive on the same day.

Is it normal to see blood in the urine after cystoscopy?

A slight pink colour of the urine, burning and frequent urination are common for the first 1–2 days and usually settle by themselves with plenty of fluids. In patients who have had a biopsy, bleeding may last a few days. Seek medical advice if there is heavy bleeding with clots, inability to pass urine or fever.

When will the biopsy result be available?

The findings seen during cystoscopy are shared with the patient at the end of the procedure. Pathological examination of the tissue samples usually takes from a few days to one or two weeks. The follow-up or treatment plan is discussed at the follow-up appointment according to the result.

Why is regular cystoscopy needed after bladder tumour surgery?

Bladder tumours tend to recur after treatment. For this reason, check cystoscopies are performed at intervals determined by the tumour's risk group. Small tumours detected early are usually easier to treat.

Can I have a cystoscopy in Bursa while visiting Turkey?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). If a biopsy is taken, please allow for the time the pathology result needs when planning your stay. Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

Do genital warts go away on their own?

Some warts may regress by themselves within months as the immune system brings the virus under control. Others, however, may grow, increase in number and be passed on to a partner. For this reason, if you notice a wart, it is advisable to be examined and to discuss treatment options with a doctor.

Can genital warts turn into cancer?

HPV 6 and 11, which cause most genital warts, are low-risk types and do not cause cancer. However, different HPV types can be present in the same person at the same time. It is therefore important for female partners to keep up with cervical screening under their national screening programme.

Does my partner also need to be examined?

Yes, this is recommended. Because HPV is easily transmitted through sexual contact, the partner may also have warts or HPV-related changes. Female partners can see a gynaecologist and male partners a urologist. Finding a wart does not mean that there has been infidelity in a long-term relationship, because the virus can be carried for a long time without symptoms.

Do condoms protect against genital warts?

Condoms reduce the risk of transmission but do not prevent it completely, because HPV can also be transmitted from areas of skin not covered by the condom. Even so, condom use is an important means of protection against both HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.

Why do warts come back after treatment?

Treatments remove visible warts, but the virus can remain for a while in the surrounding, healthy-looking skin. As a result, new warts may appear, particularly in the first months after treatment. This does not mean that the treatment has not worked; new warts are easier to treat at an early stage.

Does the HPV vaccine treat warts?

The HPV vaccine does not treat existing warts; its aim is to prevent new infections with the HPV types it covers. It is most effective before the start of sexual activity. Which ages and groups it is recommended for should be assessed with your doctor according to the current vaccination recommendations in your country.

Can I be treated for genital warts in Bursa while visiting Turkey?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). Because some treatments require more than one session and a follow-up check, the treatment plan is adapted to the length of your stay where possible. Consultations are held in English or Turkish and are confidential; the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.

What is the right age for circumcision?

From a medical point of view, there is no fixed age for circumcision that applies to everyone. The timing is decided by considering the child's general health, the need for anaesthesia, any medical reason and the family's preference together. When there is a medical necessity, circumcision can be performed at any age.

Why is an examination needed before circumcision?

In congenital differences such as hypospadias (the urinary opening not in its normal position), buried penis or penile curvature, the foreskin may be needed for a later reconstructive operation. Circumcision performed without these conditions being noticed can make the repair more difficult. For this reason, the penis must be examined by a doctor before every circumcision.

Is it normal for a young child's foreskin not to retract (phimosis)?

In infancy and early childhood, a foreskin that cannot be pulled back is usually a natural (physiological) condition and resolves by itself as the child grows. It should not be forcibly retracted. If the foreskin balloons when passing urine, there is recurrent inflammation or there is white, hard scar tissue, a doctor should be consulted; in some children a cream treatment may be tried first.

What kind of anaesthesia is used for circumcision?

In adults and older children who can cooperate, circumcision can usually be performed under local anaesthetic. In young children, because it is difficult to keep still during the procedure, sedation or general anaesthesia is usually preferred. The type of anaesthesia is decided together with the family after examination and an anaesthetic assessment.

When can my child have a bath after circumcision?

The timing depends on the dressing used, but washing with lukewarm water is generally allowed 1–2 days after the procedure. The area should not be rubbed hard but patted dry gently. The ointment and care instructions recommended by the doctor should be followed.

Is there a link between circumcision and premature ejaculation?

The possible effect of circumcision on sexual function and premature ejaculation has been investigated in various studies, and the results differ. This topic was examined in a study co-authored by Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar. On the basis of current knowledge, it cannot be said that circumcision causes premature ejaculation; people with premature ejaculation should be assessed separately.

Can we have our son circumcised in Bursa during a visit to Turkey?

Yes. Op. Dr. Mücahit Kabar sees patients in Bursa (Nilüfer) on weekdays from 08:30 to 12:00 at Özel Medicabil Nilüfer Hastanesi (+90 444 8 112) and from 13:00 to 17:00 at Özel Jimer Hastanesi (+90 444 45 67). The examination before circumcision and a check-up afterwards should be planned into your stay, so it is advisable not to schedule the procedure for the last days of your visit. Consultations are held in English or Turkish, and the hospitals' international patient departments can help with interpreters, transfers and accommodation. Appointments are booked through the hospitals' online booking pages or appointment lines; for questions, you can send a message via WhatsApp to +90 541 622 54 82.